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Minnesota

Population 5,739,445
6 Sources Updated September 10, 2026
5.7M
Population
334,922,499 U.S.
$89,062
Median Income
$80,734 national
$507.7B
GDP (current $), change real
3.1%
Unemployment
4.0% national
Community Data / United States / Minnesota

County Map

Click a county to view its economic profile

Demographics & Population

Census Bureau American Community Survey 2020-2024 · 5-Year Estimates

Household Income

Source: U.S. Census Bureau · American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-Year Estimates
Median Household
$89,062
Per Capita
$48,237
Mean Household
$118,304
Poverty Rate
9.3%

Age & Race / Ethnicity

Source: Census Bureau ACS 2020-2024 · Table B01001, B02001, B03003
65+: 17.3% (992,385 residents) 55-64: 12.9% (740,030 residents) 35-54: 25.1% (1,442,462 residents) 18-34: 21.8% (1,252,378 residents) Under 18: 22.9% (1,312,190 residents) 39 Median Age
Cohorts
Under 18 · 22.9%
18-34 · 21.8%
35-54 · 25.1%
55-64 · 12.9%
65+ · 17.3%
Race & Ethnicity
White77.1%
Black or African American7%
Two or More Races7%
Asian5.1%
Some Other Race2.9%
American Indian and Alaska Native0.9%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander0%
Hispanic or Latino(any race)6.4%
Hispanic or Latino is an ethnic category and overlaps with the race categories above.

Educational Attainment

Source: Census Bureau ACS 2020-2024 · Table B15003 · Population 25+
93.9%
High School+
National: 89.6%
+4.3 pts
39.4%
Bachelor's+
National: 35.7%
+3.7 pts
13.8%
Graduate+
National: 14.1%
0.3 pts

Employment Overview

Source: U.S. Census Bureau · American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-Year Estimates
5,739,445
Population
3,119,042
Labor Force
Employed
2,992,254
Unemployment Rate BLS LAUS 2024 annual
3.1%
2025 is not shown for Minnesota: a state annual average needs all 12 months and the Bureau of Labor Statistics has published 11. County pages draw on the separate annual series and may show 2025.
Mean Commute 4 min below national avg
22.7 min
Work From Home vs 15.1% national
17.6%
Labor Force and Employed are ACS 5-Year survey estimates; the Unemployment Rate above comes from BLS LAUS, a separate monthly survey with its own methodology. The two won't reconcile by subtracting one from the other.
Minnesota's median household income sits 10% above the national median. At 9.3%, its poverty rate runs 3.2 pts below the ~12.5% national level, relevant for federal funding eligibility narratives. Bachelor's-or-higher attainment of 39.4% exceeds the national average of 35.7%.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-Year Estimates (released December 2025). Figures reflect the most recent Census release, older news reports may cite prior vintages.
Key Takeaways
  • Income premium: Households earn well above the national median, supporting strong consumer markets statewide.

Economy & Industry

Bureau of Labor Statistics QCEW · Bureau of Economic Analysis

$507.7B
Gross Domestic Product · 2024
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis · CAGDP2 Regional GDP
98.621
Cost of Living - Below Avg

Top Private-Sector Industries by Employment

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics · Quarterly Census of Employment & Wages 2025 Annual · Private sector only, with government shown below
IndustryEmployment% of Top SectorsAvg Wage
1Health Care and Social Assistance		 533,801 24.9%
$68,284
2Manufacturing		 315,307 14.7%
$86,634
3Retail Trade		 279,777 13.0%
$40,680
4Accommodation and Food Services		 222,684 10.4%
$27,619
5Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services		 165,130 7.7%
$126,622
6Construction		 141,493 6.6%
$92,700
7Finance and Insurance		 135,068 6.3%
$140,352
8Wholesale Trade		 133,273 6.2%
$112,379
9Administrative and Support and Waste Management		 120,452 5.6%
$58,023
10Transportation and Warehousing		 98,979 4.6%
$69,844
Government employment · context only
395,927

Public-sector jobs are not in the table above and are not part of any share or location quotient on this page. Both are measured on the private economy only, 2,548,333 private jobs in 2025: every location quotient divides by that total, and the % of Top Sectors column divides by the sectors listed above. Private employment is the standard basis for measuring industry concentration because government employment mostly serves the resident population rather than an outside market. Nothing on this card is expected to add up with the government figure.

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Key Takeaways
  • Largest private-sector industry: Health Care and Social Assistance employs 533,801 workers (24.9% of the tracked sectors), at an average wage of $68,284. Every industry figure on this page is private sector; government employs a further 395,927 and is counted separately.
  • Economic scale: State GDP of $507.7B (2024).
  • Wage stratification: Finance and Insurance averages $140,352 while Accommodation and Food Services averages $27,619, a 5.1x spread in the same economy, with implications for workforce development and talent strategy.
Source: BLS QCEW + BEA Regional GDP (CAGDP2).

Industry Concentration

Location Quotient measures regional specialization vs. national average. LQ > 1.0 = concentrated.

Chart source: BLS QCEW · broad NAICS supersector · private sector · Location Quotient vs. national private-sector employment share. The same supersector axes appear on every profile, so the shape can be compared across geographies.
Concentrated Industries
List source: BLS QCEW · 3-digit NAICS sub-sector · private sector · Location Quotient vs. national private-sector employment share.
Same source and same private-sector basis as the Top Industries table above. These sit at a finer level than the chart's supersector axes, so the two sets of values are not directly comparable. The sub-sector view surfaces specialization the supersector view masks, such as Printing and Related Support Activities here.
Printing and Related Support Activities
2.47x
16,249
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
2.33x
27,262
Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing
2.29x
1,040
Animal Production and Aquaculture
2.24x
11,607
Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing
2.22x
42,349
Nursing and Residential Care Facilities
1.80x
118,148
Management of Companies and Enterprises
1.69x
84,515
Machinery Manufacturing
1.68x
34,867
Wood Product Manufacturing
1.67x
12,879
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
1.58x
42,992
+ 2 more sub-sectors at LQ ≥ 1.5, holding a further 17,328 jobs. See the spider chart for the broader picture.

Attraction Opportunities - Below-Average Industries

LQ < 0.5, below-average employment, screened against industrial power cost. Source: BLS QCEW · 3-digit NAICS sub-sector
0.03x
Support Activities for Mining
151 employed
0.05x
Oil and Gas Extraction
114 employed
0.20x
Textile Mills
317 employed
0.21x
Water Transportation
271 employed
0.35x
Support Activities for Agriculture and Forestry
2,563 employed
0.35x
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
11,574 employed
0.44x
Motion Picture and Sound Recording Industries
3,045 employed
0.49x
Apparel Manufacturing
739 employed
Screened on industrial power cost only. Industrial electricity in Minnesota costs 9.32¢/kWh against 8.62¢/kWh nationally (2025). Land area and freight access are not assessed at state level. Source: EIA.
Key Takeaways
  • Top specialization: Printing and Related Support Activities concentrates at 2.47x the national norm.
  • Cluster depth: 12 sub-sectors register LQ ≥ 1.5, suggesting an interconnected industrial base across the state.
  • Attraction whitespace: 8 sub-sectors register LQ < 0.5, candidates for diversification or recruitment.
Source: BLS QCEW sub-sector Location Quotients.
Industry Employment Composition
Minnesota's Top Sectors by Workforce Share
Each rectangle's area is proportional to that sector's share of the top private supersectors. Hover for exact employment.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics QCEW 2025 Annual · Private sector, NAICS supersectors

Housing & Affordability

Census ACS · HUD Fair Market Rents FY2026

Housing Overview

Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 5-Year Estimates · Tables B25001, B25077, B25064
$329,300
Median Home Value vs 2019
$1,280
Rent/Mo
72.2%
Owner-Occ
9.3%
Vacancy
3.7x
Home Value to Income Ratio
vs. ~4.1x national average

HUD Fair Market Rents (Statewide)

Renter-household-weighted average across 87 Fair Market Rent areas · Source: HUD · Fair Market Rents FY2026 · Affordability threshold and renter cost burden from Census ACS B25119, B25070
Studio
$1,095/mo$671 to $1,242
1 Bedroom
$1,226/mo$742 to $1,405
2 Bedroom
$1,504/mo$973 to $1,709
3 Bedroom
$1,996/mo$1,167 to $2,262
4 Bedroom
$2,264/mo$1,288 to $2,531
30% of monthly median renter household income (~$1,277/mo, from a renter median of $51,080) · rents above this line are typically considered cost-burdened.
Measured: 45.3% of renter households already pay 30% or more of income on rent, and 22.2% pay 50% or more.
Key Takeaways
  • In line with national: Home value to income ratio of 3.7x sits near the ~4.1x national average; affordability is neither a clear advantage nor a recruitment friction.
  • High home ownership: 72.2% owner-occupied; rental supply may be tight for incoming workers.
  • Affordable rent tiers: 2 of 5 HUD Fair Market Rent bedroom sizes sit below what a household on the median renter income of $51,080 can pay without cost burden (~$1,277/mo), and 45.3% of renter households are measured as cost-burdened.
Source: Census ACS housing tables.

Workforce Pipeline

Labor force readiness, commuting, and workforce composition

Labor Market Overview

Source: Census ACS 2020-2024 · Tables B01001, B23025, B08303, B08301
3,434,870
Working Age (18-64) vs 2019
Labor force participation rate: 70.5% of population aged 18+ 70% Participation (18+)
vs 2019
Mean Commute 4 min below national avg
22.7 min
Work From Home vs 15.1% national
17.6%

Education & Talent Pipeline

Source: Census ACS 2020-2024 · Table B15003 · College Scorecard
Bachelor's+
39.4%
HS Diploma+
93.9%
6 Largest Institutions by Credentials Awarded
Degrees, certificates, and other credentials awarded last academic year (College Scorecard).
Capella University 14,847/yr
University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 13,676/yr
Walden University 12,870/yr
Minnesota State University-Mankato 3,728/yr
University of St Thomas 3,161/yr
University of Minnesota-Duluth 2,468/yr

Aging Workforce

Source: Census Bureau ACS · Derived from age & employment tables
21.5%
55-64 of working-age population (18-64)
Same cohort is 12.9% of total population, the basis used in the Demographics cohort chart.
Elevated retirement risk, above the 20% threshold. Succession planning recommended.

Workforce by Occupation

Source: Census ACS 2020-2024 · Table C24010 · Civilian employed population 16+
Management / Professional
45.5%
Service
14.7%
Sales & Office
18.5%
Construction / Maint.
7.8%
Production / Transport
13.4%
Bars are drawn on a 0% to 60% axis, so bar length is proportional to actual share. Labels give each group's share of 2,992,254 employed workers.
Key Takeaways
  • Healthy participation: 70.5% of the population aged 18+ is in the labor force, reflecting a steady, available workforce statewide.
Source: ACS workforce data.

County Profiles

87 counties in Minnesota

Aitkin County FIPS 27001 Anoka County FIPS 27003 Becker County FIPS 27005 Beltrami County FIPS 27007 Benton County FIPS 27009 Big Stone County FIPS 27011 Blue Earth County FIPS 27013 Brown County FIPS 27015 Carlton County FIPS 27017 Carver County FIPS 27019 Cass County FIPS 27021 Chippewa County FIPS 27023 Chisago County FIPS 27025 Clay County FIPS 27027 Clearwater County FIPS 27029 Cook County FIPS 27031 Cottonwood County FIPS 27033 Crow Wing County FIPS 27035 Dakota County FIPS 27037 Dodge County FIPS 27039 Douglas County FIPS 27041 Faribault County FIPS 27043 Fillmore County FIPS 27045 Freeborn County FIPS 27047 Goodhue County FIPS 27049 Grant County FIPS 27051 Hennepin County FIPS 27053 Houston County FIPS 27055 Hubbard County FIPS 27057 Isanti County FIPS 27059 Itasca County FIPS 27061 Jackson County FIPS 27063 Kanabec County FIPS 27065 Kandiyohi County FIPS 27067 Kittson County FIPS 27069 Koochiching County FIPS 27071 Lac qui Parle County FIPS 27073 Lake County FIPS 27075 Lake of the Woods County FIPS 27077 Le Sueur County FIPS 27079 Lincoln County FIPS 27081 Lyon County FIPS 27083 Mahnomen County FIPS 27087 Marshall County FIPS 27089 Martin County FIPS 27091 McLeod County FIPS 27085 Meeker County FIPS 27093 Mille Lacs County FIPS 27095 Morrison County FIPS 27097 Mower County FIPS 27099 Murray County FIPS 27101 Nicollet County FIPS 27103 Nobles County FIPS 27105 Norman County FIPS 27107 Olmsted County FIPS 27109 Otter Tail County FIPS 27111 Pennington County FIPS 27113 Pine County FIPS 27115 Pipestone County FIPS 27117 Polk County FIPS 27119 Pope County FIPS 27121 Ramsey County FIPS 27123 Red Lake County FIPS 27125 Redwood County FIPS 27127 Renville County FIPS 27129 Rice County FIPS 27131 Rock County FIPS 27133 Roseau County FIPS 27135 Scott County FIPS 27139 Sherburne County FIPS 27141 Sibley County FIPS 27143 St. Louis County FIPS 27137 Stearns County FIPS 27145 Steele County FIPS 27147 Stevens County FIPS 27149 Swift County FIPS 27151 Todd County FIPS 27153 Traverse County FIPS 27155 Wabasha County FIPS 27157 Wadena County FIPS 27159 Waseca County FIPS 27161 Washington County FIPS 27163 Watonwan County FIPS 27165 Wilkin County FIPS 27167 Winona County FIPS 27169 Wright County FIPS 27171 Yellow Medicine County FIPS 27173

AI Insights

Sample output. Pulse AI analysis draws on 6 federal data sources.

Sample AI Insight

Minnesota shows emerging potential for printing and related support activities attraction, with a 2.47x concentration and 16,249 jobs in this sub-sector.

Cluster depth across printing and related support activities, miscellaneous manufacturing, and leather and allied product manufacturing creates supply-chain attraction leverage, a structural advantage for industrial recruitment.

Industry Shift Analysis

Manufacturing Automation Risk
High
Healthcare Growth Forecast
+4.2% CAGR
Remote Work Migration
67/100

Prospect Match Scores

Advanced Manufacturing
92/100
Life Sciences
84/100
Data Centers
71/100
Illustrative example

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Data Sources

Updated from official federal government data.

Census ACS 5-Year2024
BLS QCEW2025
BEA Regional GDP2024
Census CBP2024
HUD Fair Market RentsFY2026
USAspending.govFY2026

Frequently Asked Questions

Key economic and demographic figures for Minnesota, from federal data sources.

What is the population of Minnesota?

5,739,445 (U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates).

What is the median household income in Minnesota?

$89,062 (U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates).

What is the unemployment rate in Minnesota?

3.1% (2024 annual average, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, LAUS).

What is the GDP of Minnesota?

$507.7B (BEA CAGDP2 (Regional)).